GDB: living with disabilities - Full text, tables and figures

Volume 386, No. 10009, p2145–2191, 28 November 2015

Articles

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition

GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators*,

 Christopher J L Murray

,

 Ryan M Barber

,

 Kyle J Foreman

,

 Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren*

,

 Foad Abd-Allah*

,

 Semaw F Abera*

,

 Victor Aboyans*

,

 Jerry P Abraham*

,

 Ibrahim Abubakar*

,

 Laith J Abu-Raddad*

,

 Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh*

,

 Tom Achoki*

,

 Ilana N Ackerman*

,

 Zanfina Ademi*

,

 Arsène K Adou*

,

 José C Adsuar*

,

 Ashkan Afshin*

,

 Emilie E Agardh*

,

 Sayed Saidul Alam*

,

 Deena Alasfoor*

,

 Mohammed I Albittar*

,

 Miguel A Alegretti*

,

 Zewdie A Alemu*

,

 Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho*

,

 Samia Alhabib*

,

 Raghib Ali*

,

 François Alla*

,

 Peter Allebeck*

,

Mohammad A Almazroa*

,

 Ubai Alsharif*

,

 Elena Alvarez*

,

 Nelson Alvis-Guzman*

,

 Azmeraw T Amare*

,

 Emmanuel A Ameh*

,

Heresh Amini*

,

 Walid Ammar*

,

 H Ross Anderson*

,

 Benjamin O Anderson*

,

 Carl Abelardo T Antonio*

,

 Palwasha Anwari*

,

Johan Arnlöv*

,

 Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic*

,

 Al Artaman*

,

 Rana J Asghar*

,

 Reza Assadi*

,

 Lydia S Atkins*

,

 Marco A Avila*

,

Baffour Awuah*

,

 Victoria F Bachman*

,

 Alaa Badawi*

,

 Maria C Bahit*

,

 Kalpana Balakrishnan*

,

 Amitava Banerjee*

,

 Suzanne L Barker-Collo*

,

 Simon Barquera*

,

 Lars Barregard*

,

 Lope H Barrero*

,

 Arindam Basu*

,

 Sanjay Basu*

,

 Mohammed O Basulaiman*

,

 Justin Beardsley*

,

 Neeraj Bedi*

,

 Ettore Beghi*

,

 Tolesa Bekele*

,

 Michelle L Bell*

,

 Corina Benjet*

,

 Derrick A Bennett*

,

 Isabela M Bensenor*

,

 Habib Benzian*

,

 Eduardo Bernabé*

,

 Amelia Bertozzi-Villa*

,

 Tariku J Beyene*

,

 Neeraj Bhala*

,

 Ashish Bhalla*

,

 Zulfiqar A Bhutta*

,

 Kelly Bienhoff*

,

 Boris Bikbov*

,

 Stan Biryukov*

,

 Jed D Blore*

,

 Christopher D Blosser*

,

 Fiona M Blyth*

,

 Megan A Bohensky*

,

 Ian W Bolliger*

,

 Berrak Bora Başara*

,

 Natan M Bornstein*

,

 Dipan Bose*

,

Soufiane Boufous*

,

 Rupert R A Bourne*

,

 Lindsay N Boyers*

,

 Michael Brainin*

,

 Carol E Brayne*

,

 Alexandra Brazinova*

,

Nicholas J K Breitborde*

,

 Hermann Brenner*

,

 Adam D Briggs*

,

 Peter M Brooks*

,

 Jonathan C Brown*

,

 Traolach S Brugha*

,

Rachelle Buchbinder*

,

 Geoffrey C Buckle*

,

 Christine M Budke*

,

 Anne Bulchis*

,

 Andrew G Bulloch*

,

 Ismael R Campos-Nonato*

,

 Hélène Carabin*

,

 Jonathan R Carapetis*

,

 Rosario Cárdenas*

,

 David O Carpenter*

,

 Valeria Caso*

,

 Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela*

,

 Ruben E Castro*

,

 Ferrán Catalá-López*

,

 Fiorella Cavalleri*

,

 Alanur Çavlin*

,

 Vineet K Chadha*

,

 Jung-Chen Chang*

,

 Fiona J Charlson*

,

 Honglei Chen*

,

 Wanqing Chen*

,

 Peggy P Chiang*

,

 Odgerel Chimed-Ochir*

,

 Rajiv Chowdhury*

,

 Hanne Christensen*

,

 Costas A Christophi*

,

 Massimo Cirillo*

,

 Matthew M Coates*

,

 Luc E Coffeng*

,

 Megan S Coggeshall*

,

 Valentina Colistro*

,

 Samantha M Colquhoun*

,

 Graham S Cooke*

,

 Cyrus Cooper*

,

 Leslie T Cooper*

,

 Luis M Coppola*

,

 Monica Cortinovis*

,

 Michael H Criqui*

,

 John A Crump*

,

 Lucia Cuevas-Nasu*

,

 Hadi Danawi*

,

 Lalit Dandona*

,

Rakhi Dandona*

,

 Emily Dansereau*

,

 Paul I Dargan*

,

 Gail Davey*

,

 Adrian Davis*

,

 Dragos V Davitoiu*

,

 Anand Dayama*

,

Diego De Leo*

,

 Louisa Degenhardt*

,

 Borja Del Pozo-Cruz*

,

 Robert P Dellavalle*

,

 Kebede Deribe*

,

 Sarah Derrett*

,

 Don C Des Jarlais*

,

 Muluken Dessalegn*

,

 Samath D Dharmaratne*

,

 Mukesh K Dherani*

,

 Cesar Diaz-Torné*

,

 Daniel Dicker*

,

 Eric L Ding*

,

 Klara Dokova*

,

 E Ray Dorsey*

,

 Tim R Driscoll*

,

 Leilei Duan*

,

 Herbert C Duber*

,

 Beth E Ebel*

,

 Karen M Edmond*

,

Yousef M Elshrek*

,

 Matthias Endres*

,

 Sergey P Ermakov*

,

 Holly E Erskine*

,

 Babak Eshrati*

,

 Alireza Esteghamati*

,

 Kara Estep*

,

 Emerito Jose A Faraon*

,

 Farshad Farzadfar*

,

 Derek F Fay*

,

 Valery L Feigin*

,

 David T Felson*

,

 Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad*

,

 Jefferson G Fernandes*

,

 Alize J Ferrari*

,

 Christina Fitzmaurice*

,

 Abraham D Flaxman*

,

 Thomas D Fleming*

,

 Nataliya Foigt*

,

 Mohammad H Forouzanfar*

,

 F Gerry R Fowkes*

,

 Urbano Fra. Paleo*

,

 Richard C Franklin*

,

Thomas Fürst*

,

 Belinda Gabbe*

,

 Lynne Gaffikin*

,

 Fortuné G Gankpé*

,

 Johanna M Geleijnse*

,

 Bradford D Gessner*

,

 Peter Gething*

,

 Katherine B Gibney*

,

 Maurice Giroud*

,

 Giorgia Giussani*

,

 Hector Gomez Dantes*

,

 Philimon Gona*

,

 Diego González-Medina*

,

 Richard A Gosselin*

,

 Carolyn C Gotay*

,

 Atsushi Goto*

,

 Hebe N Gouda*

,

 Nicholas Graetz*

,

 Harish C Gugnani*

,

 Rahul Gupta*

,

 Rajeev Gupta*

,

 Reyna A Gutiérrez*

,

 Juanita Haagsma*

,

 Nima Hafezi-Nejad*

,

 Holly Hagan*

,

 Yara A Halasa*

,

 Randah R Hamadeh*

,

 Hannah Hamavid*

,

 Mouhanad Hammami*

,

 Jamie Hancock*

,

 Graeme J Hankey*

,

 Gillian M Hansen*

,

 Yuantao Hao*

,

 Hilda L Harb*

,

 Josep Maria Haro*

,

 Rasmus Havmoeller*

,

 Simon I Hay*

,

 Roderick J Hay*

,

 Ileana B Heredia-Pi*

,

 Kyle R Heuton*

,

 Pouria Heydarpour*

,

 Hideki Higashi*

,

 Martha Hijar*

,

 Hans W Hoek*

,

 Howard J Hoffman*

,

 H Dean Hosgood*

,

 Mazeda Hossain*

,

 Peter J Hotez*

,

 Damian G Hoy*

,

 Mohamed Hsairi*

,

 Guoqing Hu*

,

 Cheng Huang*

,

 John J Huang*

,

 Abdullatif Husseini*

,

 Chantal Huynh*

,

 Marissa L Iannarone*

,

 Kim M Iburg*

,

 Kaire Innos*

,

 Manami Inoue*

,

 Farhad Islami*

,

 Kathryn H Jacobsen*

,

 Deborah L Jarvis*

,

 Simerjot K Jassal*

,

 Sun Ha Jee*

,

 Panniyammakal Jeemon*

,

 Paul N Jensen*

,

 Vivekanand Jha*

,

 Guohong Jiang*

,

 Ying Jiang*

,

 Jost B Jonas*

,

 Knud Juel*

,

 Haidong Kan*

,

 André Karch*

,

 Corine K Karema*

,

 Chante Karimkhani*

,

 Ganesan Karthikeyan*

,

 Nicholas J Kassebaum*

,

 Anil Kaul*

,

 Norito Kawakami*

,

 Konstantin Kazanjan*

,

 Andrew H Kemp*

,

 Andre P Kengne*

,

 Andre Keren*

,

 Yousef S Khader*

,

 Shams Eldin A Khalifa*

,

 Ejaz A Khan*

,

Gulfaraz Khan*

,

 Young-Ho Khang*

,

 Christian Kieling*

,

 Daniel Kim*

,

 Sungroul Kim*

,

 Yunjin Kim*

,

 Yohannes Kinfu*

,

 Jonas M Kinge*

,

 Miia Kivipelto*

,

 Luke D Knibbs*

,

 Ann Kristin Knudsen*

,

 Yoshihiro Kokubo*

,

 Soewarta Kosen*

,

 Sanjay Krishnaswami*

,

 Barthelemy Kuate Defo*

,

 Burcu Kucuk Bicer*

,

 Ernst J Kuipers*

,

 Chanda Kulkarni*

,

 Veena S Kulkarni*

,

 G Anil Kumar*

,

 Hmwe H Kyu*

,

 Taavi Lai*

,

 Ratilal Lalloo*

,

 Tea Lallukka*

,

 Hilton Lam*

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 Qing Lan*

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 Van C Lansingh*

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 Anders Larsson*

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 Alicia E B Lawrynowicz*

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 Janet L Leasher*

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 James Leigh*

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 Ricky Leung*

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 Carly E Levitz*

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 Bin Li*

,

 Yichong Li*

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Yongmei Li*

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 Stephen S Lim*

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 Maggie Lind*

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 Steven E Lipshultz*

,

 Shiwei Liu*

,

 Yang Liu*

,

 Belinda K Lloyd*

,

 Katherine T Lofgren*

,

 Giancarlo Logroscino*

,

 Katharine J Looker*

,

 Joannie Lortet-Tieulent*

,

 Paulo A Lotufo*

,

 Rafael Lozano*

,

 Robyn M Lucas*

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 Raimundas Lunevicius*

,

 Ronan A Lyons*

,

 Stefan Ma*

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 Michael F Macintyre*

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 Mark T Mackay*

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 Marek Majdan*

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Reza Malekzadeh*

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 Wagner Marcenes*

,

 David J Margolis*

,

 Christopher Margono*

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 Melvin B Marzan*

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 Joseph R Masci*

,

Mohammad T Mashal*

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 Richard Matzopoulos*

,

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,

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,

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 Abigail Mclain*

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 Catalina Medina*

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 Wubegzier Mekonnen*

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Yohannes A Melaku*

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 Michele Meltzer*

,

 Ziad A Memish*

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 George A Mensah*

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 Atte Meretoja*

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 Renata Micha*

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 Edward J Mills*

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 Philip B Mitchell*

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 Charles N Mock*

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 Lorenzo Monasta*

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 Julio C Montañez Hernandez*

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Thomas J Montine*

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 Andrew E Moran*

,

 Rintaro Mori*

,

 Joanna Moschandreas*

,

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,

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,

 William T Msemburi*

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 Ulrich O Mueller*

,

Mitsuru Mukaigawara*

,

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 Kinnari S Murthy*

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 Mohsen Naghavi*

,

 Aliya Naheed*

,

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,

 Luigi Naldi*

,

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,

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,

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 Sudan P Neupane*

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 Charles R Newton*

,

 Marie Ng*

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,

 Ole F Norheim*

,

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 Bo Norrving*

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 Luke Nyakarahuka*

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 In-Hwan Oh*

,

 Takayoshi Ohkubo*

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 Summer L Ohno*

,

Bolajoko O Olusanya*

,

 John Nelson Opio*

,

 Katrina Ortblad*

,

 Alberto Ortiz*

,

 Amanda W Pain*

,

 Jeyaraj D Pandian*

,

 Carlo Irwin A Panelo*

,

 Christina Papachristou*

,

 Eun-Kee Park*

,

 Jae-Hyun Park*

,

 Scott B Patten*

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 George C Patton*

,

 Vinod K Paul*

,

 Boris I Pavlin*

,

 Neil Pearce*

,

 David M Pereira*

,

 Rogelio Perez-Padilla*

,

 Fernando Perez-Ruiz*

,

 Norberto Perico*

,

Aslam Pervaiz*

,

 Konrad Pesudovs*

,

 Carrie B Peterson*

,

 Max Petzold*

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 Michael R Phillips*

,

 Bryan K Phillips*

,

 David E Phillips*

,

 Frédéric B Piel*

,

 Dietrich Plass*

,

 Dan Poenaru*

,

 Suzanne Polinder*

,

 Daniel Pope*

,

 Svetlana Popova*

,

 Richie G Poulton*

,

 Farshad Pourmalek*

,

 Dorairaj Prabhakaran*

,

 Noela M Prasad*

,

 Rachel L Pullan*

,

 Dima M Qato*

,

 D Alex Quistberg*

,

 Anwar Rafay*

,

 Kazem Rahimi*

,

 Sajjad U Rahman*

,

 Murugesan Raju*

,

 Saleem M Rana*

,

 Homie Razavi*

,

 K Srinath Reddy*

,

 Amany Refaat*

,

 Giuseppe Remuzzi*

,

 Serge Resnikoff*

,

 Antonio L Ribeiro*

,

 Lee Richardson*

,

 Jan Hendrik Richardus*

,

 D Allen Roberts*

,

 David Rojas-Rueda*

,

 Luca Ronfani*

,

 Gregory A Roth*

,

 Dietrich Rothenbacher*

,

 David H Rothstein*

,

 Jane T Rowley*

,

 Nobhojit Roy*

,

 George M Ruhago*

,

 Mohammad Y Saeedi*

,

 Sukanta Saha*

,

 Mohammad Ali Sahraian*

,

 Uchechukwu K A Sampson*

,

 Juan R Sanabria*

,

 Logan Sandar*

,

 Itamar S Santos*

,

 Maheswar Satpathy*

,

Monika Sawhney*

,

 Peter Scarborough*

,

 Ione J Schneider*

,

 Ben Schöttker*

,

 Austin E Schumacher*

,

 David C Schwebel*

,

James G Scott*

,

 Soraya Seedat*

,

 Sadaf G Sepanlou*

,

 Peter T Serina*

,

 Edson E Servan-Mori*

,

 Katya A Shackelford*

,

 Amira Shaheen*

,

 Saeid Shahraz*

,

 Teresa Shamah Levy*

,

 Siyi Shangguan*

,

 Jun She*

,

 Sara Sheikhbahaei*

,

 Peilin Shi*

,

 Kenji Shibuya*

,

 Yukito Shinohara*

,

 Rahman Shiri*

,

 Kawkab Shishani*

,

 Ivy Shiue*

,

 Mark G Shrime*

,

 Inga D Sigfusdottir*

,

 Donald H Silberberg*

,

 Edgar P Simard*

,

 Shireen Sindi*

,

 Abhishek Singh*

,

 Jasvinder A Singh*

,

 Lavanya Singh*

,

 Vegard Skirbekk*

,

Erica Leigh Slepak*

,

 Karen Sliwa*

,

 Samir Soneji*

,

 Kjetil Søreide*

,

 Sergey Soshnikov*

,

 Luciano A Sposato*

,

Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy*

,

 Jeffrey D Stanaway*

,

 Vasiliki Stathopoulou*

,

 Dan J Stein*

,

 Murray B Stein*

,

 Caitlyn Steiner*

,

 Timothy J Steiner*

,

 Antony Stevens*

,

 Andrea Stewart*

,

 Lars J Stovner*

,

 Konstantinos Stroumpoulis*

,

 Bruno F Sunguya*

,

 Soumya Swaminathan*

,

 Mamta Swaroop*

,

 Bryan L Sykes*

,

 Karen M Tabb*

,

 Ken Takahashi*

,

 Nikhil Tandon*

,

David Tanne*

,

 Marcel Tanner*

,

 Mohammad Tavakkoli*

,

 Hugh R Taylor*

,

 Braden J Te Ao*

,

 Fabrizio Tediosi*

,

 Awoke M Temesgen*

,

 Tara Templin*

,

 Margreet Ten Have*

,

 Eric Y Tenkorang*

,

 Abdullah S Terkawi*

,

 Blake Thomson*

,

 Andrew L Thorne-Lyman*

,

 Amanda G Thrift*

,

 George D Thurston*

,

 Taavi Tillmann*

,

 Marcello Tonelli*

,

 Fotis Topouzis*

,

 Hideaki Toyoshima*

,

 Jefferson Traebert*

,

 Bach X Tran*

,

 Matias Trillini*

,

 Thomas Truelsen*

,

 Miltiadis Tsilimbaris*

,

 Emin M Tuzcu*

,

Uche S Uchendu*

,

 Kingsley N Ukwaja*

,

 Eduardo A Undurraga*

,

 Selen B Uzun*

,

 Wim H Van Brakel*

,

 Steven Van De Vijver*

,

Coen H van Gool*

,

 Jim Van Os*

,

 Tommi J Vasankari*

,

 N Venketasubramanian*

,

 Francesco S Violante*

,

 Vasiliy V Vlassov*

,

Stein Emil Vollset*

,

 Gregory R Wagner*

,

 Joseph Wagner*

,

 Stephen G Waller*

,

 Xia Wan*

,

 Haidong Wang*

,

 Jianli Wang*

,

Linhong Wang*

,

 Tati S Warouw*

,

 Scott Weichenthal*

,

 Elisabete Weiderpass*

,

 Robert G Weintraub*

,

 Wang Wenzhi*

,

 Andrea Werdecker*

,

 Ronny Westerman*

,

 Harvey A Whiteford*

,

 James D Wilkinson*

,

 Thomas N Williams*

,

 Charles D Wolfe*

,

Timothy M Wolock*

,

 Anthony D Woolf*

,

 Sarah Wulf*

,

 Brittany Wurtz*

,

 Gelin Xu*

,

 Lijing L Yan*

,

 Yuichiro Yano*

,

 Pengpeng Ye*

,

 Gökalp K Yentür*

,

 Paul Yip*

,

 Naohiro Yonemoto*

,

 Seok-Jun Yoon*

,

 Mustafa Z Younis*

,

 Chuanhua Yu*

,

 Maysaa E Zaki*

,

Yong Zhao*

,

 Yingfeng Zheng*

,

 David Zonies*

,

 Xiaonong Zou*

,

 Joshua A Salomon†

,

 Alan D Lopez†

,

 Theo Vos†

*Collaborators listed at the end of the Article

*Authors listed alphabetically.

†Joint senior authors.

Show all authors

Published Online: 26 August 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X

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Published Online:26 August 2015

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Summary
• Full Text
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• Supplementary Material

Figure 1

Survivorship curve stratified by disability weight in 2013

Health survivorship function showing the fraction of a birth cohort alive at each age exposed to 2013 death rates, with the fraction of time spent at each age by the birth cohort decomposed by level of disability weight. Countries are grouped by socidemographic status into quintiles, including the lowest quintile (A), the three middle quintiles (B), and the highest quintile (C). DW=disability weight.

View Large ImagePowerPoint Slide

Figure 2

Total DALYs, crude DALY rates, and age-standardised DALY rates from 1990 to 2013

Changes in global DALYs caused by communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, non- communicable diseases, and injuries shown in terms of numbers of DALYs (A), DALY rates per 100 000 people (B), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people (C). The difference in trends between A and B is caused by population growth and the difference between B and C because of changes in the percentage distribution of the population by age. Shaded areas show 95% uncertainty intervals. DALY=disability-adjusted life-years.

View Large ImagePowerPoint Slide

Figure 3

Change in DALYs for GBD level 3 causes

Increasing and decreasing global DALYs for GBD level 3 causes from 1990 to 2005 (A) and 2005 to 2013 (B). Within each tree map, the size of the rectangle for each cause is proportional to the magnitude of the decrease or increase in DALYs for each cause. Dark shading show statistically significant changes and light shading shows changes that are not significant. Unmarked boxes represent causes for which the decrease or increase was less than 1 000 000 DALYs. Table 1 and the appendix (p 4) contains numerical values for each cause. DALY=disability-adjusted life-years. GBD=Global Burden of Disease. Diarrhoea=diarrhoeal diseases. LRI=lower respiratory infections. NN enceph=neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. NN haemol=haemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice. Other NN=other neonatal disorders. NN preterm=preterm birth complications. Nematode=intestinal nematode infections. Iron=iron-deficiency anaemia. PEM=protein-energy malnutrition. STD=sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV. TB=tuberculosis. Whooping=whooping cough. NN sepsis=neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections. Congenital=congenital anomalies. RHD=rheumatic heart disease. Oral=oral disorders. Sense=sense organ diseases. Cirr alc=cirrhosis due to alcohol use. Cirr hep C=cirrhosis due to hepatitis C. CKD=chronic kidney disease. CMP=cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. HTN HD=hypertensive heart disease. IHD=ischaemic heart disease. Stroke=cerebrovascular disease. Diabetes=diabetes mellitus. Alcohol=alcohol use disorders. Anxiety=anxiety disorders. Bipolar=bipolar disorder. Drugs=drug use disorders. Depression=depressive disorders. Other MSK=other musculoskeletal disorders. Back and neck=low back and neck pain. Breast C=breast cancer. Colorectal C=colon and rectum cancer. Liver C=liver cancer. Lung C=tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Alzheimer's=Alzheimer disease and other dementias. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases. Fire=fire, heat, and hot substances. Mech=exposure to mechanical forces. War=collective violence and legal intervention. Violence=interpersonal violence. Road inj=road injuries. Haemog=haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias. ILD=interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Disaster=exposure to forces of nature.

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Figure 4

25 most common GBD level 3 causes of global DALYs for both sexes combined, 1990, 2005, and 2013, with age-standardised median percentage change

Ranks are based on the number of DALYs. 95% UIs for mean rank are from 1000 draws of DALYs. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders causes are shown in red, non-communicable causes in blue, and injuries in green. DALY=disability-adjusted life-years. GBD=Global Burden of Disease. UI=uncertainty interval. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Figure 5

YLL and YLD cause composition of DALY rates by sociodemographic status vigintile

The epidemiological transition based on predicted YLL and YLD rates per 100 000 people as a function of the level of sociodemographic status by vigintile and broken down into GBD level 2 causes. These predicted levels control for variation explained by year and country. YLL= years of life lost. YLD=years lived with disability. GBD=Global Burden of Disease.

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Figure 6

Ten most common GBD level 3 causes of DALYs for 188 countries in 2013

The 15 most common global causes of DALYs are coloured. Alcohol=alcohol use disorders. Alzheimer=Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Anxiety=anxiety disorders. Back and neck=low back and neck pain. Cirr Hep C=cirrhosis due to hepatitis C. CKD=chronic kidney disease. CMP=cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Colorect C=colon and rectum cancer. Congenital=congenital disorders. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Depression=depressive disorders. Diabetes=diabetes mellitus. Diarrhoea=diarrhoeal diseases. Drown=drowning. Drugs=drug use disorders. F Body=foreign body. Haemog=haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias. HTN HD=hypertensive heart disease. IHD=ischaemic heart disease. Iron=iron-deficiency anaemia. Liver C=liver cancer. LRI=lower respiratory infections. Lung C=tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Nematode=intestinal nematode infections. NN enceph=neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. NN preterm=preterm birth complications. NN sepsis=neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections. Other cardio=other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Other MSK=other musculoskeletal disorders. Other NN=other neonatal disorders. PEM=protein-energy malnutrition. Road inj=road injuries. Sense=sense organ diseases. Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases. STD=sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV. Stomach C=stomach cancer. Stroke=cerebrovascular disease. TB=tuberculosis. Violence=interpersonal violence. War=collective violence and legal intervention. DALY=disability-adjusted life-years. GBD=Global Burden of Disease.

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Figure 6

Ten most common GBD level 3 causes of DALYs for 188 countries in 2013

The 15 most common global causes of DALYs are coloured. Alcohol=alcohol use disorders. Alzheimer=Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Anxiety=anxiety disorders. Back and neck=low back and neck pain. Cirr Hep C=cirrhosis due to hepatitis C. CKD=chronic kidney disease. CMP=cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Colorect C=colon and rectum cancer. Congenital=congenital disorders. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Depression=depressive disorders. Diabetes=diabetes mellitus. Diarrhoea=diarrhoeal diseases. Drown=drowning. Drugs=drug use disorders. F Body=foreign body. Haemog=haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias. HTN HD=hypertensive heart disease. IHD=ischaemic heart disease. Iron=iron-deficiency anaemia. Liver C=liver cancer. LRI=lower respiratory infections. Lung C=tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Nematode=intestinal nematode infections. NN enceph=neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. NN preterm=preterm birth complications. NN sepsis=neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections. Other cardio=other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Other MSK=other musculoskeletal disorders. Other NN=other neonatal disorders. PEM=protein-energy malnutrition. Road inj=road injuries. Sense=sense organ diseases. Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases. STD=sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV. Stomach C=stomach cancer. Stroke=cerebrovascular disease. TB=tuberculosis. Violence=interpersonal violence. War=collective violence and legal intervention. DALY=disability-adjusted life-years. GBD=Global Burden of Disease.

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Figure 6

Ten most common GBD level 3 causes of DALYs for 188 countries in 2013

The 15 most common global causes of DALYs are coloured. Alcohol=alcohol use disorders. Alzheimer=Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Anxiety=anxiety disorders. Back and neck=low back and neck pain. Cirr Hep C=cirrhosis due to hepatitis C. CKD=chronic kidney disease. CMP=cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Colorect C=colon and rectum cancer. Congenital=congenital disorders. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Depression=depressive disorders. Diabetes=diabetes mellitus. Diarrhoea=diarrhoeal diseases. Drown=drowning. Drugs=drug use disorders. F Body=foreign body. Haemog=haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias. HTN HD=hypertensive heart disease. IHD=ischaemic heart disease. Iron=iron-deficiency anaemia. Liver C=liver cancer. LRI=lower respiratory infections. Lung C=tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Nematode=intestinal nematode infections. NN enceph=neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. NN preterm=preterm birth complications. NN sepsis=neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections. Other cardio=other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Other MSK=other musculoskeletal disorders. Other NN=other neonatal disorders. PEM=protein-energy malnutrition. Road inj=road injuries. Sense=sense organ diseases. Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases. STD=sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV. Stomach C=stomach cancer. Stroke=cerebrovascular disease. TB=tuberculosis. Violence=interpersonal violence. War=collective violence and legal intervention. DALY=disability-adjusted life-years. GBD=Global Burden of Disease.

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Figure 6

Ten most common GBD level 3 causes of DALYs for 188 countries in 2013

The 15 most common global causes of DALYs are coloured. Alcohol=alcohol use disorders. Alzheimer=Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Anxiety=anxiety disorders. Back and neck=low back and neck pain. Cirr Hep C=cirrhosis due to hepatitis C. CKD=chronic kidney disease. CMP=cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Colorect C=colon and rectum cancer. Congenital=congenital disorders. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Depression=depressive disorders. Diabetes=diabetes mellitus. Diarrhoea=diarrhoeal diseases. Drown=drowning. Drugs=drug use disorders. F Body=foreign body. Haemog=haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias. HTN HD=hypertensive heart disease. IHD=ischaemic heart disease. Iron=iron-deficiency anaemia. Liver C=liver cancer. LRI=lower respiratory infections. Lung C=tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Nematode=intestinal nematode infections. NN enceph=neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. NN preterm=preterm birth complications. NN sepsis=neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections. Other cardio=other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Other MSK=other musculoskeletal disorders. Other NN=other neonatal disorders. PEM=protein-energy malnutrition. Road inj=road injuries. Sense=sense organ diseases. Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases. STD=sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV. Stomach C=stomach cancer. Stroke=cerebrovascular disease. TB=tuberculosis. Violence=interpersonal violence. War=collective violence and legal intervention. DALY=disability-adjusted life-years. GBD=Global Burden of Disease.

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Table 1

Global all-age DALYs and age-standardised DALYs for 306 causes in 2005 and 2013 with percentage change

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Table 2

Decomposition of variance in 2013 global DALY rates per 100 000 people for GBD level 2 causes using hierarchical regression

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Table 3

Life expectancy at birth and HALE at birth for 1990, 2005, and 2013 for both sexes and 188 countries

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