A major and fascinating development in neuroimmunology in the past 10 years has been the impressive rise in the number of antibodies identified that recognise neuronal cell-surface or synaptic proteins.
1 Identification of these antibodies has enabled the characterisation of new forms of autoimmune encephalitis (eg, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis)
2 or new patterns of presentation (eg, faciobrachial dystonic seizures in autoimmune encephalitis associated with LGI1 antibodies).
3Overlap in the presence of these antibodies between neurological syndromes has highlighted complexities in the differential diagnosis—eg, NMDA receptor antibodies in some cases of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, which can sometimes precede anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
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