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Quanta's 2021 in Review
The Year in Biology
By JOHN RENNIE
The detailed understanding of brains and multicellular bodies reached new heights, while the genomes of the COVID-19 virus and various organisms yielded more surprises.
Puzzling particles, quirky (and controversial) quantum computers, and one of the most ambitious science experiments in history marked the year’s milestones.
Detailed Footage Finally Reveals What Triggers Lightning
By THOMAS LEWTON
Scientists have never been able to adequately explain where lightning comes from. Now the first detailed observations of its emergence inside a cloud have exposed how electric fields grow strong enough to let bolts fly.
Biologists Rethink the Logic Behind Cells’ Molecular Signals
Podcast hosted by SUSAN VALOT; Story by PHILIP BALL
The molecular signaling systems of complex cells are nothing like simple electronic circuits. The logic governing their operation is riotously complex — but it has advantages.
You might have heard that quantum computers are magical uber-machines on their way to curing cancer — but the truth is more subtle than that, and even more fascinating.
How the Webb Telescope Will Transform Our Place in the Universe
The James Webb Space Telescope could explore the universe’s very first stars, uncover evidence of extraterrestrial life — or literally hit a snag and become worthless.
The Most Successful Scientific Theory Ever: The Standard Model
In this explainer, physicist David Tong recreates the model to provide some intuition for how the fundamental building blocks of our universe fit together.
Chiara Marletto is trying to build a master theory — a set of ideas so fundamental that all other theories would spring from it. Her first step: Invoke the impossible.
Familiar categories of mental functions such as perception, memory and attention reflect our experience of ourselves, but they are misleading about how the brain works. More revealing approaches are emerging.
Sleep Evolved Before Brains. Hydras Are Living Proof.
By VERONIQUE GREENWOOD
Studies of sleep are usually neurological. But some of nature’s simplest animals suggest that sleep evolved for metabolic reasons, long before brains even existed.
The Brain ‘Rotates’ Memories to Save Them From New Sensations
By JORDANA CEPELEWICZ
Some populations of neurons simultaneously process sensations and memories. New work shows how the brain rotates those representations to prevent interference.
New Quantum Algorithms Finally Crack Nonlinear Equations
By MAX G. LEVY
Quantum information researchers have tried to use linear equations as a key to unlock nonlinear differential ones for over a decade. Two teams at MIT and the University of Maryland have put that goal within reach.
Matrix Multiplication Inches Closer to Mythic Goal
By KEVIN HARTNETT
A recent paper set the fastest record for multiplying two matrices. But it also marks the end of the line for a method researchers have relied on for decades to make improvements.
Artificial Neural Nets Finally Yield Clues to How Brains Learn
By ANIL ANANTHASWAMY
The learning algorithm that enables the runaway success of deep neural networks doesn’t work in biological brains, but researchers are finding alternatives that could.
Mathematicians Prove 2D Version of Quantum Gravity Really Works
By CHARLIE WOOD
In three towering papers, a team of mathematicians has worked out the details of Liouville quantum field theory, a two-dimensional model of quantum gravity.
Mathematician Answers Chess Problem About Attacking Queens
By LEILA SLOMAN
The n-queens problem is about finding how many different ways queens can be placed on a chessboard so that none attack each other. A mathematician has now all but solved it.
New Shape Opens ‘Wormhole’ Between Numbers and Geometry..
By KEVIN HARTNETT
Laurent Fargues and Peter Scholze have found a new, more powerful way of connecting number theory and geometry as part of the sweeping Langlands program.
The revolutionary telescope is hurtling away from Earth and toward deep space on a long-awaited, high-risk mission that, if successful, will look deeper into the cosmic past than any telescope before.
Scientists have observed the extraordinarily tiny oscillations of a charm meson, a type of subatomic particle that contains both a quark and an antiquark.
This oscillation proves that charm meson particles can alternate between states of matter and antimatter.
To measure the tiny interaction, scientists had to scale down their experiment to the extraordinarily tiny size of 1 x 10^-38 grams.
A quirky type of subatomic particle known as the charm meson has the seemingly magical ability to switch states between matter and antimatter (and back again), according to the team of over 1,000 physicists who were involved in documenting the phenomenon for the first time.
Oxford researchers, using data from the second run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—a particle accelerator at the Switzerland-based European Organization for Nuclear Research (known internationally as CERN)—made the determination by taking extremely precise measurements of the masses of two particles: the charm meson in both its particle and antiparticle states.
Yes, this breakthrough in quantum physics is as heady as it sounds. A charm meson particle, after all, can exist in a state where it is both itself and its evil twin (the antiparticle version) at once. This state is known as "quantum superposition," and it's at the heart of the famous Schrödinger's Cat thought experiment./...
ReplyDeleteMuito obrigado e que 2022 seja realmente um ano do qual nós possamos nos lembrar com muita alegria e saudades!!!!!!