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Saturday, March 16, 2024

3.180 AMICOR (26)

 3.180  AMICOR (26)

#Com Dra. Valderês A. Robinson Achutti (13/06/1932+15/06/2021)


Durante o Congresso da SBC em POA, comigo, e  Dr. Aristóteles Comte de Alencar (AM).
Foto com a qual Dr. Aristóteles encerrou sua apresentação do dia 12 p.p. 
sobre dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar

#Re-Publicando contribuição minha para População Países de língua Portuguesa:

    Dependendo da perspectiva epidemiológica do observador e do alcance de seu conceito de causalidade, o consumo de tabaco pode ser considerado mundialmente como a segunda causa de morte atribuída a fatores de risco cardiovasculares clássicos, precedida apenas pela hipertensão arterial, e a primeira causa de morte prematura e incapacidade. Compreendido como causa imediata sem contextualização no complexo que determina e mantém o comportamento populacional, o tabagismo foi responsável em 2017 por cerca de 7,10 (6,83–7,37) milhões de mortes e 182 (173–193) milhões de anos saudáveis de vida perdidos (disability-adjusted life-years, DALYs). Apesar da diminuição no número de fumantes diários (indivíduos com 15 anos ou mais que fumam diariamente), o número total de fumantes continua a aumentar, proporcionando um grande desafio global para os sistemas de saúde.1
Médicos, em geral por lidarem direta e individualmente com pacientes, tendem a considerar saúde/doença limitada ao comprometimento orgânico do paciente e sua história pessoal, valorizando menos as “causas das causas” e a determinação psicossocial dos fenômenos e dos comportamentos, indissociáveis do contexto ecológico e dos interesses econômicos. Atualmente tem-se valorizado a poluição ambiental (que também tem contribuição do tabagismo e que aumenta progressivamente) como a mais importante causa de morbimortalidade na população mundial atual, ampliando o espectro para além dos fatores de risco tradicionalmente valorizados. Esta perspectiva é muito importante para a compreensão da resistência ao controle do tabagismo e planejamento de estratégias de abordagem mais efetivas.
..........................

NOVAS FORMAS DE TABAGISMO


    Novas formas de tabagismo apareceram na última década, divulgadas como de risco reduzido ou ausente, como os cigarros eletrônicos (JUUL), populares entre jovens e adultos, que funcionam como vaporizadores de nicotina encapsulada, flavorizantes e outros conteúdos em pequenos cartuchos substituíveis denominados pod mods. Esses dispositivos, já em sua terceira geração, associam nicotina a outras substâncias vaporizadoras ou fornecedoras de sabores, com efeitos ainda mal conhecidos, mas potencialmente indutores de risco para a saúde.13,14
    Fruto de bem elaboradas campanhas de marketing promotoras da introdução das novas formas de uso do tabaco, uma discussão intensa existe atualmente entre a sociedade leiga e a comunidade científica sobre o risco inerente ao uso de cigarros eletrônicos como causa de DCVs e de neoplasias. Apesar da evidência epidemiológica atual não ser extensa e destas novas formas de tabagismo parecerem ter um risco inferior à forma clássica de tabagismo, há atualmente evidência suficiente para afirmar que o seu consumo agudo causa disfunção endotelial, dano ao DNA, estresse oxidativo e aumento temporário da frequência cardíaca. Quanto ao seu uso crônico, parece aumentar o risco de infarto do miocárdio, AVEs e neoplasias da cavidade oral e do esôfago.3,13
    Baseado no aparente risco inferior do uso das novas formas de tabagismo, os cigarros eletrônicos têm sido promovidos como método de cessação do tabagismo, o que carece de comprovação. Em 60% dos casos, os fumantes usam tanto a forma clássica de tabagismo quanto os cigarros eletrônicos, mantendo o elevado risco prévio. Em muitos casos, os cigarros eletrônicos são adotados por curto tempo, após o qual o fumante retoma completamente o seu hábito anterior.13,14
    Adicionalmente, os cigarros eletrônicos são considerados pela comunidade científica como preocupantes por propiciarem a dependência à nicotina nos jovens, tornando-se uma porta de entrada para o tabagismo clássico.
    No momento atual, mesmo reconhecendo que as evidências científicas disponíveis não sejam robustas, recomendamos que qualquer forma de tabagismo seja interrompida ou não seja iniciada, nomeadamente o uso de tabaco oral (tabaco mastigável, snus, rapé, tabaco solúvel, vaping/JUUL) e cigarros, charutos, cigarrilhas, cachimbos ou narguilé. Também é de fundamental importância combater o fumo passivo, que expõe aos mesmos riscos do tabagismo, aumentando-os em 20-30%.13,14

#SBC -Dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar
#UNDP

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24

 Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world 

#De Luiz Eduardo, Katia, Júlia e outros...

Pode ser uma imagem de texto que diz "POeMA MC Olimpico AZUL Estádio Memorias FBPA VALEU. OLIMPICO Texto Gutfreind Fotografias Luiz Eduardo Robinson Achutti VERDE A L"

Finalmente, Poema Azul - a homenagem que ninguém fez ao Estádio Olímpico Monumental e sua memória. Pela pluma sensível do PsiPoeta e amigo Celso Gutfreind, através do meu testemunho fotográfico (porque Fotografia é uma forma de estar no mundo), e com prefácio de Léo Gerchmann. Também os vários apoios entre eles Editoras Bestiário e Casa Verde de Roberto Prym e Laís Chaffe com capa de Katia Arruda e desenho do livro de Julia Achutti . A vida é complexa, demorou, mas é bela e azul.


#Our World in Data

Our recent publications and updates

Weather forecasts have become a lot more accurate

Weather forecasting has come a long way. The chart above shows the difference between global forecasts and the actual weather outcome 3, 5, 7, and 10 days in advance. The biggest improvements we’ve seen are for longer timeframes. By the early 2000s, 5-day forecasts were “highly accurate” and 7-day forecasts are reaching that threshold today.

Unfortunately, this quality of information isn’t available to everyone. There are big differences in accuracy across the world, with a large gap between rich and poor. This is a problem. 60% of workers in low-income countries are employed in agriculture, arguably the most weather-dependent sector.

Accurate weather forecasting is crucial in protecting lives and livelihoods, especially in a world where weather is likely to get more extreme.

Read our piece on weather forecasting
Women have made major advances in politics — but the world is still far from equal

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were no women in national parliaments around the world. 

This changed in 1907 when women first entered Norway’s legislature. After very limited progress for the next four decades, women made it into many more parliaments in the second half of the 20th century — and in 2008, Rwanda had the first women-majority parliament.

The world has come a long way towards political equality. But as our new article on gender equality shows, women remain underrepresented, especially in the highest offices.

Read more about gender equality in politics
Improving agricultural productivity is crucial to ending global hunger and protecting the world’s wildlife

Land use for agriculture has been the main driver of the destruction of the world's biodiversity for a very long time. But at the same time, as we protect the world’s environment, we also have to find ways to produce the food needed to end hunger and malnutrition.

The chart above shows that, after centuries of stagnation, humanity has recently achieved a large increase in land productivity. Land use per person has declined by more than half. At the same time, food supply per person increased in every region of the world.

However, the fact that land use per capita has declined does not mean the problem is solved. While agricultural land use has been strongly reduced in some regions, it is increasing in others. If we want to see the planet’s wildlife thrive, we must reduce our land use further.

Read the article
Introducing our new bite-sized format: Data Insights

At Our World in Data, we publish a wide range of data covering more than 100 topics. Until now, we’ve used longer written formats to help users understand the data and what it can tell us about the world in detail.

However, we know that sharing a clear chart and short takeaway is one of the most successful ways to communicate our work. This is why we’ve launched a new bite-sized format: Data Insights.

Their structure is simple: a title with the key takeaway; a chart; a short explanation text; a link to explore the data or read more; and a link to related content.

These more succinct, digestible takeaways now have a dedicated home on our website.

Explore the latest Data Insights

Explore our featured work

Who Americans spend their time with changes a lot across a lifetime

For this biweekly update, we’re resurfacing one of our most popular charts. It shows who the average American spends their time with across the different chapters of their life.

When young, Americans spend much of their time with friends and family. But in their 20s, this starts to drop off quickly, and is replaced with partners and children.

Across the next three decades, Americans spend much of their time with partners, children, and, unsurprisingly, coworkers. This time spent with colleagues begins to drop off around 60 years old — which makes sense since many people in the US enter retirement around this age.

The chart also shows that older people spend more time alone. But as our article on time use around the world shows, solitude and loneliness are not one and the same.

Read more about time use around the world
What share of new cars are electric?
The global fight against polio — how far have we come?

#IHME
COVID reduced global life expectancy by 1.6 years


IHME has released all-cause mortality, life expectancy, and population results from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study (GBD). The findings have uncovered a significant shift in global life expectancy. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is estimated that life expectancy declined by 1.6 years worldwide.

The study, published in The Lancet, focuses on the gravity of the pandemic. The death toll from COVID-19 marked a reversal in past increases in life expectancy. Despite this grave reality, the study found a positive trend: mortality rates among children under 5 decreased by 7% from 2019 to 2021.

“For adults worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a more profound impact than any event seen in half a century, including conflicts and natural disasters,” says co-first author Dr. Austin E. Schumacher, Acting Assistant Professor of Health Metrics Sciences at IHME.
Read the study
Latest from GBD
💡 Between 2020 and 2021, an estimated 131 million people died from all causes, with 15.9 million attributed to the COVID pandemic.
From the Podcast
🎧 In our newest episode, “Introducing GBD 2021,” IHME Director Dr. Christopher Murray discusses what makes the GBD study unique as the most comprehensive effort to measure health trends and why GBD remains more relevant than ever.
Media player with Global Health Insights episodes listed in order of publication
Listen to the podcast
YouTube
Website
Top Stories
Microscopic view of Borrelia
Borrelia poses a growing health threat

A new study on relapsing fever group Borrelia reveals a global threat, with 29 total species. 16 species are known to infect humans, and 26k human cases have been reported. 
Read the research →
IHME in the News
Crowded street in Spain during the height of COVID
Covid Lowered Global Life Expectancy More Than Previously Thought, New Study Suggests (Forbes)
» “For adults worldwide, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a more profound impact than any event seen in half a century, including conflicts and natural disasters,” study author Austin Schumacher said in a statement.
Folks in France walking with masks on during the COVID pandemic
Life expectancy dropped by 1.6 years during pandemic, reversing past progress: Lancet study (The Hindu)
» The research, coordinated by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington (UW), US, presented updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021.
A group of protestors wearing masks and a woman holding a sign that says, "No more"
A nivel mundial, entre 2019 y 2021 el covid-19 redujo en 1.6 años la esperanza de vida (Newsweek Español)
» Entre los otros hallazgos clave de GBD, la mortalidad infantil continuó disminuyendo en medio de la pandemia de covid-19, con medio millón menos de muertes entre niños menores de 5 años en 2021 en comparación con 2019.
Le Covid-19 a fait perdre un an et demi d’espérance de vie à l’humanité, selon une étude (Le Monde)
» Pour les adultes du monde entier, la pandémie de Covid-19 a eu un impact plus massif que n’importe quel événement survenu ces cinquante dernières années, y compris les conflits et les catastrophes naturelles, a déclaré dans un communiqué de presse Austin E. Schumacher, professeur à l’Institut pour la mesure et l’évaluation de la santé de Washington et l’un des auteurs de l’étude.
Excited to share a pioneering project by Planet, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and our Microsoft AI for Good Lab with significant humanitarian implications. We're addressing a crucial gap in population models, especially in low-resource settings, by developing advanced, high-resolution population density models. This initiative is crucial for public health, pandemic preparedness, climate-influenced migration, and more.
LinkedIn post of the week 

Excited to share a pioneering project by Planet, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and our Microsoft AI for Good Lab with significant humanitarian implications. We're addressing a crucial gap in population models, especially in low-resource settings, by developing advanced, high-resolution population density models. This initiative is crucial for public health, pandemic preparedness, climate-influenced migration, and more.

— Juan M. Lavista Ferres
CVP and Chief Data Scientist at Microsoft
What We’re Reading
Global Life Expectancy Declines for First Time in 30 Years » COVID-19 slashed overall life expectancy, according to a highly anticipated update of the Global Burden of Disease study. (Think Global Health)

How climate change is altering Sami language » North Sami, a language spoken in the Arctic, has more than 300 words for snow and a special word for “frightened reindeer”. Can it survive in a warmer world? (BBC)
Featured Datasets
#Collins Dictionary
The word of the week is... 
This week, we're celebrating National Pi Day by rounding up our mathematical words of the week. Celebrated around the world on March 14th, National Pi Day is the perfect opportunity for maths enthusiasts to recite the infinite digits of pi, discuss all things math and even celebrate with a slice of pie. Pi is one of the most well known mathematical constants. It is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter and is usually approximated to 3.142, however, its digits are infinite and never repeat. So, whether you skipped maths class regularly or remain a keen mathematician to this day, we hope our words of the week will remind you of the wonder of pi.
#Quanta Magazine

PARTICLE PHYSICS | ALL TOPICS

 

Swirling Forces, Crushing Pressures Measured in the Proton

By CHARLIE WOOD

Long-anticipated experiments that use light to mimic gravity are revealing the distribution of energies, forces and pressures inside a subatomic particle for the first time.

Read the article

NEUROSCIENCE

 

Tiny Tweaks to Neurons Can Rewire Animal Motion

By ELISE CUTTS

Altering a protein in the neurons that coordinate a rattlesnake’s movement made a slow slither neuron more like a speedy rattle neuron, showing one way evolution can generate new ways of moving.

Read the article


Related: 
Brain Chemical Helps Signal
to Neurons When to Start a Movement

By Allison Whitten (2022)

THE JOY OF WHY

 

What Is Quantum Teleportation?

Podcast hosted by JANNA LEVIN

Teleporting people through space is still science fiction. But quantum teleportation is dramatically different and entirely real. In this episode, Janna Levin interviews the theoretical physicist John Preskill about teleporting bits and the promise of quantum technology.

Listen to the podcast


Read the transcript

 

QUANTUM COMPUTING

 

Physicists Finally Find a Problem Only Quantum Computers Can Do

By LAKSHMI CHANDRASEKARAN

Researchers have shown that a problem about the energy of a quantum system is easy for quantum computers but hard for classical ones.

Read the blog

Related: 
The Quest to Quantify Quantumness

By Charlie Wood (2023)

Q&A

 

A Mathematician On Creativity, Art, Logic and Language

By JORDANA CEPELEWICZ

Claire Voisin, the recipient of the 2024 Crafoord Prize in Mathematics, discusses math as art, math as language, and math as abstract thought.

Read the interview

Related: 
A Mathematician Dancing Between Disciplines

By Rachel Crowell (2022)


Each week Quanta Magazine brings you an update on one of the most important ideas driving modern research. This week, biology writer Yasemin Saplakoglu describes where our microbiome comes from and the myriad ways it governs our health.

 

How the Microbiome Influences Our Health

By YASEMIN SAPLAKOGLU

We are never alone. In addition to 30 trillion human cells, our bodies are home to some 39 trillion microbes — bacteria, fungi and protozoa that live in our gut, lungs, mouth, nose, skin and elsewhere throughout the body. The assemblies of organisms found in and on our body, the “microbiota,” are parts of broader microbial habitats, or “microbiomes,” that encompass all the viral and cellular genomes, encoded proteins and other molecules in their local environment. (However, there is some ambiguity in the definitions, so the usage of the terms often varies.)

Though the microbiome has recently become a hot topic because of its potential significance to our health, it’s not a new concept. Some trace its origins back to the 17th century, when the Dutch microbiologist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described tiny organisms that he sampled from his mouth and viewed under a handcrafted microscope. Throughout the 1900s and early 2000s, a number of discoveries drew people’s attention to the bugs living inside us, but the field got an infusion of attention in 2007 when the National Institutes of Health launched the Human Microbiome Project. Since then, scientists have extensively cataloged the human body’s microbial biodiversity in increasing detail. They’ve found that microbiomes are distinct throughout the body: The microbial makeup of the intestine, for example, is very different from that of the mouth. They have also come to recognize that there isn’t a “normal” microbiome. Rather, as with fingerprints, everyone harbors a unique selection of microbial species and strains.

These microbes play many roles, from protecting against pathogens and tuning our immune responses to digesting food and synthesizing nutrients. Because of this, when a microbiome is thrown into disarray — such as through bad diet, infectious disease, medications or environmental factors — it can have a ripple effect on our health. Unhealthy microbiomes have been linked to cancer, heart and lung diseases, inflammation, and inflammatory bowel disease. Microbes are even thought to regulate the gut-brain axis, a communication highway that connects the brain to the enteric nervous system, which controls the intestines. Now, medicine is increasingly targeting microbiomes to treat various ailments. For example, fecal transplants that contain healthy microbiota are sometimes used to treat severe bacterial infections in the colon.

Despite an acceleration of microbiome research over the past few decades, resulting in powerful new genomic technologies, many fundamental questions remain to be fully answered. How do we acquire microbiota and how does the community shift throughout our lifetimes? How do different environments and lifestyles impact the microbiome? How can the microbiome cause, or be used to treat, diseases? These and other questions are driving biological research and helping us better understand who and what makes us who we are.



What’s New and Noteworthy


Where does our microbiome come from? Several studies over the past year have yielded insights. Babies acquire most of their microbes from mom at birth and in the months that follow. But it turns out that mothers don’t only share microbial organisms with babies — they also share microbial genes. In a 2022 study published in Cell, scientists revealed that short sequences of DNA called mobile elements can hop from the mother’s bacteria to the baby’s bacteria, even months after birth. As I reported in Quanta, it’s likely that these genes could help seed a more capable gut microbiome in the baby, which in turn could further develop the baby’s immune system.

Transmission doesn’t only happen at birth. In fact, microbiomes are incredibly dynamic and can change drastically throughout a person’s lifetime. In a Quanta article published last year, I reported on the most comprehensive global analysis of microbiome transmission to date. Using new genomics tools, a team of Italian biologists traced more than 800,000 strains of microbes between families, roommates, neighbors and villages in 20 countries. They discovered that microbes hop extensively between people, especially between spouses and roommates, who spend a lot of time together. These findings suggested that some diseases that aren’t considered contagious might have a contagious aspect to them, if they involve the microbiome. However, that idea is speculative and will surely be debated and studied in the coming years.

Insights into how we acquire the microbiome and how it impacts our bodies don’t just come from studies of humans. Other animals also have microbiomes that are critical for their health and development — and several recent studies have drawn links between gut microbes and the brain. In 2019, Quanta reported that fear behavior differs between mice with different microbiomes, and in 2022 we reported on the ways microbiomes influence social skills and brain structure in zebra fish.
 
AROUND THE WEB
Science published a paper describing how a diverse microbiota helps protect against pathogens by consuming a wide variety of nutrients — leaving fewer nutrients available for potential pathogens.
MIT Technology Review unpacked a fraught ethical conflict around how scientists conduct microbiome research. In search of healthful microbes that may have been lost from industrialized and sanitized populations, some researchers are collecting feces from hunter-gatherer societies — raising concerns in those communities about consent, equity and impact.
Scientific American dove into research on the microbiome of the kākāpō, an endangered parrot from New Zealand, in hopes of garnering insights to save the birds from extinction.
Nature reported on the discovery of “weird” flat circles of RNA, smaller than viruses, which the researchers called “obelisks,” and which colonize human gut microbiota.
#Live Science
TOP SCIENCE NEWS
James Webb telescope confirms there is something seriously wrong with our understanding of the universe
(Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library via Getty Images)
Depending on where we look, the universe is expanding at different rates. Now, scientists using the James Webb and Hubble space telescopes have confirmed that the observation is not down to a measurement error.
Read More
HISTORY & ARCHAEOLOGY
Winged 'basilisk' on medieval pilgrim's badge discovered in Poland
(Tomasz Murzyński)
Such badges were common among Christian pilgrims in the Middle Ages, but it's not clear what the basilisk represents.
Read More
PLANET EARTH
'Imagine a lush tropical island slipping beneath the waves': Drowned island the size of Iceland found off Brazil
(EduLeite via Getty Images)
An undersea volcanic plateau in the southwestern Atlantic was a tropical island 45 million years ago.
Read More
SPACE
Organic molecules swirling around unborn stars hint at origins of Earth-like worlds
(NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI))
Complex organic molecules spotted by the James Webb Space Telescope may hint at how habitable planets form.
Read More
HEALTH
Deadly amoeba brain infection can result from unsafe nasal rinsing, CDC warns
(Dr_Microbe via Getty Images)
A CDC report describes 10 patients infected by an amoeba after conducting a nasal rinse, three of whom died from a nervous-system infection.
Read More
'Flow state' uncovered: We finally know what happens in the brain when you're 'in the zone'
(Provided by John Kounios, PhD, of Drexel University)
Researchers say they've found the answer to competing hypotheses about how the brain functions in a "flow state."
 Full Story: Live Science (3/14) 
TECHNOLOGY
World's largest computer chip WSE-3 will power massive AI supercomputer 8 times faster than the current record-holder
(Cerebras)
Cerebras' Wafer Scale Engine 3 (WSE-3) chip contains four trillion transistors and will power the 8-exaFLOP Condor Galaxy 3 supercomputer one day.
Read More