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Showing posts with label Influenza. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Influenza. Show all posts

Tuesday, August 21, 2018

Flu


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Aug 21, 2018
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World-leading content on influenza

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Tuesday, May 06, 2014

FLU 1918

Há mais de 20 anos a AMICOR Maria Inês Reinert Azambuja já havia desvendado este mistério...

Mystery of the pandemic flu virus of 1918 solved

This is from an emergency hospital during the influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kan. Credit: Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine
A study led by Michael Worobey at the University of Arizona in Tucson provides the most conclusive answers yet to two of the world's foremost biomedical mysteries of the past century: the origin of the 1918 pandemic flu virus and its unusual severity, which resulted in a death toll of approximately 50 million people./.../

Saturday, January 25, 2014

Influenza A/H1N1

The most scientifically precise 3D model of the influenza virus ever created provides an exceptionally detailed image of one of the world’s most common and deadly viruses./.../

Sunday, June 23, 2013

Influenza Vaccine and Tobacco

Influenza Vaccine Breakthrough Makes Use of Tobacco

Influenza Vaccine Breakthrough Makes Use of Tobacco
Could tobacco be the next influenza vaccine breakthrough to fight the disease? If the tobacco influenza vaccine trials go as planned, it could be available in 2016.
What a shocking discovery. We all know that smoking can cause heart disease, emphysema, and cancer. In fact, it’s the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the U.S., according to National Cancer Institute. However, just recently, one company’s vaccine breakthrough makes use of tobacco to prevent infections caused by Influenza, which kills thousands of people every year.
Influenza season starts in October and usually peaks in January or February. It spreads from people to people with droplets created by sneeze or cough entering the nose or mouth of a nearby infected individual. The severity of the influenza disease varies greatly, causing death in severe cases.  Children six years old and younger, people with medical conditions, chronic lung disease, asthma, and adults over 65 years old are at greater risk of bacterial pneumonia related complications.
Common Influenza symptoms are:
• Chills
• Sore Throat and Cough
• Headache
• Body Aches and
• 100 degrees Fahrenheit fever
While it is a fact that tobacco can harm your body, it could one day protect you and your family if the new vaccine breakthroughs go as planned. “It’s something very, very new and it’s something very, very unique,” says Charles Bryant a greenhouse manager.
Charles Bryant is helping the bio-pharmaceutical company; Medicago turn these plants into flu vaccines.
According to Medicago, executive VP of operations Mike Wanner, the vaccine is produced inside the leaves where it is submerged in genetically engineered natural bacteria then the tobacco is placed in a vacuum environment“It draws in, the agrobacterium, and then the agrobacterium expands in the plant and that becomes the virus-like particle that is the vaccine.It induces a very strong immune response in humans, he explains.
While traditional influenza vaccines are made from chicken eggs with each one producing about four doses, each tobacco plant can make between 30 to 100 doses.
Presently, plant-based vaccine is being tested for a variety of other flu strains, including one for rabies.
Influenza vaccines have been traditionally made with live chicken embryos requiring lots of eggs. The problem is, it can be expensive and time-consuming. Vaccines for new diseases cannot be produced quickly and the current flu vaccine production is not fast enough to keep up with people’s needs, especially in case of a breakout. It will take up to nine months to develop and produce a vaccine, according to World Health Organization. What is worse, conventional and egg-based vaccine production techniques may not be able to meet the demands if two doses per person are required for adequate protection.
Recently, Medicago, a Canadian pharmaceutical company used tobacco plants to produce quicker and larger quantities of vaccines, including influenza vaccine.  In order to create this plant-based influenza vaccine scientist inject protein DNA into bacteria, and allow it to multiply. Tobacco plants are inverted and dipped into the solution then wrung by a vacuum so that the plants soak up the solution. It is subsequently diced up and put in a digester to release the protein destroying the leaves’ cellulose, while collecting the virus-like particles used for the vaccine.
So far, the results are promising, as the tobacco vaccine breakthrough could keep up with demand during an influenza outbreak.
Written by: Janet Grace Ortigas

Wednesday, November 07, 2012

Epidemia Influenza RS 2012


Epidemia de Influenza de 2012 no Rio Grande do Sul

Qualquer comentário será bem vindo e poderá ser enviado para miazambuja@terra.com.br
O objetivo de publicar este estudo sobre a Epidemia de Influenza de 2012 no Rio Grande do Sul na internet, e na forma de slides,  Ã© favorecer a  comunicação rápida dos achados deste inquérito epidemiológico e da hipótese  levantada a partir dele. Uma versão escrita  será eventualmente submetida à publicação.
att
Maria Inês Azambuja, Dep. Medicina Social, UFRGS
Novembro de 2012.

Saturday, January 02, 2010

hypothesis to the cause of influenza lethality and its variations


Med Hypotheses. 2009 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]

A parsimonious hypothesis to the cause of influenza lethality and its variations in 1918-1919 and 2009.

Azambuja MI.  (AMICOR)
Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, 4/420 Porto Alegre, 90035-003 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Current explanations to the high 1918-1919 mortality involve either a higher pathogenicity of the virus or bacterial super-infection in the absence of adequate therapeutic resources. However, neither of these hypotheses accounts for the age-distribution of severe cases and deaths, or for the geographic and other variations in rates and explosiveness of mortality during the Pandemic. It will be shown here that, alternatively, the epidemiology of the influenza lethality could be completely explained by a combination of two determinants: (1) acquired immune-differentiation of birth-cohorts, within populations, through developmental epigenetic adaptation (and selection) secondary to maternal or early-life episodes of influenza infection and (2) a triggering context - emergence of a new sub-type/strain, and its co-circulation (competition?) with seasonal viruses immunologically related to ones that had circulated in the past and primed particular population birth-cohorts. This article (1) presents age, geographic, and temporal variations in 1918-1919 and 2009 influenza severity, (2) presents and discusses ecologic evidence in favor of the hypothesis to influenza lethality advanced here, (3) suggests biologic mechanisms capable of explaining it, (4) retrospectively, proposes co-circulation between the Pandemic and a 1918 seasonal (H3?) influenza virus as the context for the increased lethality during the second wave of the 1918 Pandemic, and (5) predicts an increase in influenza severity in the northern hemisphere as the 2009-2010 season advances and H3 circulation increases.
PMID: 19962834 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Friday, March 06, 2009

Oseltamivir After Influenza:Associated With Reduced Incidence of Recurrent Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes

Use of Oseltamivir After Influenza Infection Is Associated With Reduced Incidence of Recurrent Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes Among Military Health System Beneficiaries With Prior Cardiovascular Diseases
S. Ward Casscells, MDElder Granger, MD, FACP, FACPEAmii M. Kress, MPHAndrea Linton, MS;Mohammad Madjid, MD, MSc and Linda Cottrell, BS

From Health Affairs (S.W.C.), TRICARE Management Activity (E.G.), and Health Program Analysis and Evaluation (A.M.K., A.L., L.C.), West Falls Church, Va; and Texas Heart Institute and Baylor College of Medicine (M.M.), Houston, Tex.

Correspondence to Andrea Linton, MS, TRICARE Management Activity/Health Program Analysis and Evaluation, 5111 Leesburg Pike, Suite 810, Falls Church, VA 22041-3206. E-mail andrea.linton@wowway.com

Background: Influenza infection has been associated with increased risk of adverse cardiac and cerebral vascular outcomes. Oseltamivir, a treatment for influenza, has been shown to decrease the severity of an influenza episode, but few data exist regarding its potentiallyprotective effect against recurrent vascular outcomes among influenza patients with a history of vascular disease.

Methods and Results: Electronic healthcare service and pharmacy records for 37 482 TRICARE beneficiaries, aged 18 and older, with a coded history of cardiovascular (CV) disease and a subsequent diagnosis of influenza from October 1, 2003, through September 30, 2007, were examined. Subjects were grouped according to whether they had filled a prescription for oseltamivir within 2 days of their influenza diagnosis. The incidence of recurrent CV events within 30 days after the influenza diagnosis among oseltavmivir-treated and untreated subjects was 8.5% and 21.2%, respectively (P<0.005). Subject age was a persistent and significant contributor to the likelihood of recurrent CV outcomes. After controlling for the differences in demographics among treated and untreated cohorts using a propensity-scored logistic regression model, a statistically significant protective effect was associated with oseltamivir treatment (odds ratio, 0.417; 95% CI, 0.349 to 0.498).

Conclusions: Our findings suggests that oseltamivir treatment for influenza is associated with significant decrease in the risk of recurrent CV events in subjects with a history of CV disease. These findings merit confirmation in further prospective and controlled studies. Meanwhile, in patients with CV disease, strict adherence withcurrent practice guidelines for prevention and treatment of influenza is recommended.

Wednesday, December 10, 2008

Prevention and Treatment of Seasonal Influenza

Prevention and Treatment of Seasonal Influenza
W. Paul Glezen, M.D.
In February 2007, fever developed in a previously healthy 15-year-old girl, with a peak temperature of 102°F (38.9°C) and mild upper respiratory congestion. The next day she was seen by her primary care physician. A rapid screening test for group A streptococcus was negative, and oseltamivir was prescribed. After two doses, she continued to have fever and also had nausea and emesis, malaise, and restlessness but could not get out of bed. Two days later, she was taken to the local emergency room, where she was found to be hypotensive. Despite intensive resuscitative efforts, she died 12 hours later; the postmortem examination showed necrotizing pneumonia and extensive alveolar hemorrhage. A viral culture confirmed an influenza A (H1N1) infection, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a tracheal aspirate. Could this death have been prevented?/.../

Wednesday, April 16, 2008

The inflammation paradigm: Towards a consensus to explain coronary heart disease mortality in the 20th century

The inflammation paradigm: Towards a consensus to explain coronary heart disease mortality in the 20th century
Maria Ines Azambuja a,*, Aloyzio Achutti b, Richard Levins c
a Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, 4/420, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Moinhos de Vento Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
c Department of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, United States
Received 2 November 2007; accepted 8 February 2008
Available online 20 March 2008
KEYWORDS
Coronary disease; Inflammation; Influenza; Arachidonic acid; Lipid hypothesis; Vulnerability
Summary The etiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been debated over the last 60 years. There exists an alternative explanation to the rise in CHD mortality, consonant with knowledge about the role of inflammation. It is proposed that a cohort association existed between rates of vulnerability to influenza deaths in 1918 and CHD mortality among survivors from those vulnerable birth cohorts.
According to this hypothesis, hypercholesterolemia may have been a marker of the 1918 immune-priming, with CHD deaths resulting from bursts of endothelial inflammation and thrombosis associated with influenza re-infections during the following decades. We propose a reconsideration of the way we model atherogenesis, from ‘‘initiation’’ and ‘‘promotion’’ to ‘‘vulnerable substrate(s)’’ and ‘‘trigger(s)’’.
Also suggested, based on this hypothesis, is a possible shared condition between vulnerable substrates, which upon triggering, is associated with evolution to acute events, through an imbalance between COX and LOX products. This paradigm has implications for global prevention policies.
 2008 World Heart Federation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sunday, July 15, 2007

Influenza e Ateroesclerose

Reportagem no Jornal da Universidade sobre artigo em revista internacional da AMICOR Maria Inês Reinert Azambuja
CIÊNCIA
Para Maria Inês Reinelt Azambuja, professora da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRGS, há uma relação direta entre a ocorrência da pandemia de influenza em 1918 e o alto índice de infartos do miocárdio registrado nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 60 e 70.

Em artigo publicado na edição de abril da revista Perspectives in Biology and Medicine da universidade norte-americana Johns Hopkins, em colaboração com o professor de epidemiologia populacional da universidade de Harvard, Richard Levins, a médica afirma que aquelas mortes não ocorreram por doença isquêmica. A causa real teria sido a infecção pelo vírus da influenza, que gerou uma resposta imunopatológica e resultou em trombose coronária, seguida por morte súbita. “Em outras palavras, aquelas mortes deveriam estar no cômputo geral da gripe espanhola, mas foram creditadas a outras causas por suas manifestações clínicas.”

A professora, que atua junto ao Departamento de Medicina Social, dedica-se ao estudo dos problemas do coração desde 1982, quando trabalhou na Secretaria Estadual da Saúde na prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares. Com mestrado em epidemiologia nos EUA, ela atualmente presta atendimento no Ambulatório de Doenças do Trabalho situado no posto de saúde do bairro IAPI.

“O modo como enxergamos um determinado problema depende muito do momento histórico que estamos vivendo. Quando me formei, em 1976, tive a sorte de acompanhar o período em que a mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração, que tinha sido muito elevada durante os últimos 30 anos, começava a diminuir”, diz a professora. Por conta disso, Maria Inês acha que pôde levantar questões que a maioria de seus colegas, que desenvolveram seus estudos durante uma fase de aumento desse índice, não teve condições de fazer. “Naturalmente, os médicos daquela época associaram a alta taxa de mortalidade por problemas do coração a fatores como estilo de vida, desenvolvimento da economia e todas as mudanças que acompanharam o aumento da urbanização nos países desenvolvidos. O que fiz foi olhar para esse fenômeno como um evento, comparando-o a uma epidemia, na tentativa de entender não o que provocou a doença em si, mas o que causou essa curva epidêmica.”

Curva decrescente – Na década de 70, quando o número de mortes baixou abruptamente, a epidemiologista passou a perguntar-se o que teria causado tal mudança, uma vez que não houve uma desaceleração dos fatores tidos como causadores do problema. “No primeiro mundo, tentou-se explicar essa queda pela redução dos fatores de risco, como se as pessoas estivessem sendo mais bem tratadas de problemas como pressão alta, consumissem menos gordura, ou recebessem melhor atendimento médico. Porém, minha experiência como especialista em saúde pública me dizia que as intervenções médicas têm pouco impacto sobre o conjunto da população. Mesmo medidas mais amplas, como uma mudança da dieta alimentar não produzem impactos assim tão marcantes a ponto de serem percebidos em termos populacionais.”

Dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde revelam que, em 30 anos, houve uma queda de 60% na mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração nos Estados Unidos. Atualmente, apesar de a população norte-americana ter envelhecido muito, esse índice segue baixo. E, no Brasil, conforme o Ministério da Saúde, o número de óbitos também está caindo.

A médica explica que, no início de suas pesquisas buscou as causas para o aumento do índice de mortes por problemas cardíacos no ambiente externo, mas terminou concluindo que era preciso considerar a vulnerabilidade da própria população. “Testei várias hipóteses: a qualidade da população poderia ter sido alterada em função da Primeira Guerra Mundial, que ocasionou a morte dos indivíduos mais saudáveis e a sobrevivência dos não tão fortes. A possibilidade de uma infecção estar relacionada às mortes por doença isquêmica do coração não passava pela minha cabeça. Um dia, deparei-me com um artigo antigo que levantava a possibilidade de infecção na arteriosclerose e percebi que uma infecção poderia ser a causa daqueles índices elevados dos anos 60. Por isso, digo que nossa capacidade de pensar é totalmente determinada pelo momento que estamos vivendo. As coisas podem estar diante de nosso nariz, mas não conseguimos enxergá-las. O paradigma degenerativo era tão forte que ninguém, naquela época, imaginaria pensar em infecção.”

Ao estudar que evento poderia ter sido tão grande a ponto de causar tamanho impacto na mortalidade cardiovascular, a epidemiologista deparou-se com a pandemia de 1918, causada pelo vírus da influenza e popularmente conhecida como gripe espanhola. Na comparação entre as informações daquele período e os dados referentes às mortes nos anos 60, algumas coisas ficaram claras: os sobreviventes do vírus da influenza, que tinham entre 20 e 40 anos em 1918, morreram predominantemente nas décadas de 1950 e 1960 de doença isquêmica do coração.

No artigo que publicou, a médica sustenta que, de alguma maneira, o grupo populacional que sobreviveu à primeira pandemia de influenza em 1918 ficou vulnerável e veio a falecer durante outras epidemias de influenza. “Nas epidemias que se seguiram à pandemia de 1918, houve muitas mortes por doença isquêmica do coração”, conclui.

Doenças do coração estão associadas a velhas crenças
Pandemia deixou vestígios